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A blowhole is actually the end product of a long geological process that can take thousands of years, if not longer! At first, the hydraulic action of the waves of the ocean crashing against land causes small fractures in the surface. The constant movement of waves at the bottom of cliffs (or any solid structure at the shore) eats away at the area around the crack and renders it weak enough to create sea caves at the bottom.

Basically, the strength of a rock diminishes at two vital points; its top and its bottom. When both parts are unable to endure the pressure of the trapped air below and the constant attack of the sea, part of the rock crumbles. When the conditions are ripe, i.e., when there is a high tide or a rough storm at sea, jets of water abruptly erupt out of the newly formed hole at enormous pressures. Some of the outbursts of these water jets can shoot up as high as 30 meters (~98 feet).

#blowhole #dangerous #naturaldisaster

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References:
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1979-700101
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/pdf/49be8d8009982e249c57eabff1eba472000c2d7a
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.01.009

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/deconstructing-blowholes-do-they-pose-any-danger.html

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Torque is a twisting or turning force that causes an object to rotate around a fixed point or axis. It is a fundamental concept in physics and engineering, particularly in understanding rotational motion. Torque measures how much force is applied and how effectively it can cause an object to spin or turn. For example, when you use a wrench to turn a bolt, the force you apply to the handle creates torque that causes the bolt to rotate. Torque depends on two main factors: The magnitude of the force applied: A stronger force generates more torque. The distance from the axis of rotation (lever arm): The farther away the force is applied from the axis, the greater the torque.

In this video, we have explained the definition of torque, how it works and its practical applications in simple words.

#PhysicsConcepts #TorqueExplained #RotationalDynamics

References:
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-3860-8_7
https://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/301/lectures/node104.html
https://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105/Torque.html

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The answer is – NO, you cannot have an airplane go straight up and let the Earth pass underneath to reach your destination unless you are willing to burn an incredibly large amount of fuel and make the journey downright uneconomical.

People mistakenly assume is that the atmosphere just ‘sits there’ enveloping the entire Earth. However, it doesn’t work that way. The atmosphere is not a single entity; rather, it is a collection of gases and other constituents that move along with the Earth. It would have escaped millions of years ago, in fact, or not even existed in the first place, if not for the strong gravitational pull of our planet, that keeps it adhered and prevents the gas from escaping into space. The main takeaway from this is that, due to the rotation of Earth, the atmosphere gets ‘dragged’ along the surface of the planet, as opposed to being stationary.

#aerospace #aeronautics #engineering

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References:
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/the-universe/the-milky-way/134-physics/general-physics/mechanics/829-why-can-t-a-plane-fly-slowly-and-let-the-earth-pass-underneath-beginner
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation
https://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/ask/a10840.html

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/why-dont-airplanes-hover-in-the-sky-and-let-the-earth-pass-beneath-them.html

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The astronauts on the ISS experience several sunrises and sunsets in the span of a single Earth day. Hence, the ISS sticks to a standard time zone and controls its lighting accordingly, to simulate a normal day-night routine up there in space.

The International Space Station is set to the Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). UTC is the global standard of time, which is determined using two factors:
- International Atomic Time: Calculated using highly precise atomic clocks.
- Universal Time: Calculated based on the earth’s rotation.
All the time zones in the world are synchronized based on the UTC Standard.

#iss #internationalspacestation #lifeinspace

References:
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/facts-and-figures
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/station-science-101
http://web.archive.org/web/20230225091344/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/explorer/Investigation.html?
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.04.019
https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000329

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/universe/how-do-astronauts-aboard-the-iss-know-when-its-day-or-night.html

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Starfish are also known as sea stars. Interestingly, ‘sea star’ is also a more correct way to refer to this animal, because a starfish is nothing like an actual fish! It doesn’t have a streamlined shape or any fins for swimming. Scientifically, a starfish is actually an Echinoderm.

The water vascular system is primarily responsible for locomotion in all Echinoderms, including the starfish. It is a system of canals inside the body of the animal that contain seawater. The water vascular system also contains the madreporite, which is a sieve-like plate located on the lower surface of the sea star. It has very minute pores that filter the water and transfer it to the stone canal, which lies beside it.

#starfish #seastar #marinebiology

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References:
http://web.archive.org/web/20200810160053/https://www.uas.alaska.edu/arts_sciences/naturalsciences/biology/tamone/catalog/echinodermata/Cucumaria_vegae/water_vascular_system.html
https://www.ck12.org/biology/echinoderm-structure-and-function/lesson/echinoderm-structure-and-function-advanced-bio-adv/
https://books.google.com/books?id=3GvIzgEACAAJ

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/animals/how-does-a-starfish-move.html


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An ocean without salt would decimate marine life and affect our global temperature and weather dramatically, making human life on Earth incredibly complicated.

There are roughly 230,000 known marine species in the ocean and an estimated 2 million more that have yet to be discovered, but if the sea were to become desalinated, we’d likely never get the chance to find those new forms of life.

Along with marine animals, marine plant life would also be affected. Underwater algae account for almost half the photosynthesis occurring on this planet! With significantly less photosynthesis and extremely volatile climatic conditions, our world would no longer support the diverse plant life it has now. The food chain itself would collapse. Most species, including humans, would not survive for long.

#desalination #watercrisis #freshwater

References:
https://www.utdallas.edu/~pujana/oceans/why.html
https://royalsociety.org.nz/assets/Uploads/Primary-CREST-and-Ocean-Investigations-Salt-Water-vs-Fresh-Water.pdf
https://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/wc/oceans/4/wcoc4_1a.html
https://www.ecomena.org/tag/negative-effects-of-desalination/

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/world-oceans-become-freshwater.html

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Angular momentum is a physical quantity that describes the rotational motion of an object. It is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction, and is conserved in a system where no external torque acts on it. In classical mechanics, angular momentum is important in understanding rotational motion, particularly in systems like planets orbiting stars or particles moving in circles. There are numerous practical applications of angular momentum; for example, the angular momentum of a planet or moon in orbit around a star or planet is conserved, helping explain elliptical orbits (Kepler's laws). In quantum systems, angular momentum plays a crucial role in defining quantum states, especially in atoms and molecules. The quantization of angular momentum is fundamental to the structure of atomic orbitals.

In this video, we have explained angular momentum in simple words for beginners, using various everyday examples and analogies.

#AngularMomentumExplained #PhysicsInMotion #ScienceMadeSimple

References:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/amom.html
https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/demonstrations/angular-momentum
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/angular-momentum

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The term ‘drifting’ suggests what the technique entails; the driver intentionally ‘oversteers’, causing the rear tires (or all the tires, in some cases) to lose traction, but allows the driver to maintain control over the car from its entry to its exit of a corner.

In more technical terms, when the rear slip angle (the angle between a wheel’s actual direction of travel and the direction towards which it is pointing) of the car is greater than the front slip angle, the car is said to be drifting.

#drifting #automobileengineering #mechanics

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It’s true that stars seem absolutely motionless, like sitting ducks in the vast expanse of the blackness of space. Even so, the truth is that every star you see in the night sky is, in fact, constantly moving.

The reason stars appear to be stationary if the galaxy is constantly moving is because they are moving at a very slow pace compared to their distance from us. Even though they are moving fast in absolute terms, their motion is negligible when considered on galactic scales.

#cosmos #cosmicdistance #starscience

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References:
https://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question18.html
https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/seuforum/howfar/across.html
https://www.wwu.edu/astro101/trivia.shtml

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/universe/why-do-stars-appear-to-be-stationary-if-the-galaxy-is-constantly-moving.html

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According to a study published in the American Journal of Emergency Medicines, around 20 people are admitted into emergency rooms in the US every day from a microwave oven injury or a related condition. Although most of them are due to overheated water and exploding eggs, this statistic does point out that microwaves need to be handled with caution.

The wavelength of the microwaves in the oven is roughly 12 centimeters or 4.7 inches. Therefore, for any of the microwaves to completely escape from the interior of the oven, the hole would have to be at least 4.7 inches in diameter.

While 4.7 inches seems like quite a big hole, that number is theoretical. Practically speaking, even a smaller hole would cause some leakage. The most susceptible device to microwaves is your WiFi router, as conventional wireless modems operate in the 2.4 GHz ISM (industrial, scientific and medical) band, which is very close to the operating frequency range of microwave ovens (approximately 2.45 GHz). Thus, if your WiFi router is just a few inches away from a microwave with a big hole, you can rest assured that your wireless internet will go haywire, as the kindred electromagnetic waves will commingle and disrupt one another!

#microwave #microwaveovens #microwavehacks

References:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2013.03.023
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4528460/
https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/39/4/003


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Astronauts can survive in their spacesuits as long as the oxygen tanks allow them to continue breathing. The two oxygen tanks and the emergency oxygen supply in current EMU suits collectively contain 6.5 to 8 hours (+ 30 minutes) worth of oxygen.

Space exploration movies and books have led us to believe that we would instantly freeze in open space, but that is not the case. While space is indeed cold (depending on where you are), it also lacks any form of matter (definition of vacuum), and the only way left for heat to leave the body is through radiation (conduction and convection require a medium for heat transfer). Given the rate at which heat transfer via radiation occurs, the human body in space would freeze within 12-20 hours.

#spacesuits #cosmos #emu

References:
https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2013/space-human-body/
http://web.archive.org/web/20200809151747/http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=1237
https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/188963main_Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit.pdf
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/spacewalk-spacesuit-basics
https://msis.jsc.nasa.gov/sections/section14.htm

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https://www.scienceabc.com/humans/how-long-can-an-astronaut-survive-in-their-spacesuit-in-open-space.html

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15 0

Athletes often use wheelchairs that have slanting wheels - this type of slanting wheel assembly is known as a camber. The wheels of these wheelchairs are tilted outwards at an angle, creating a "V" shape in the front. In technical terms, there is an angle between the wheel's plane and the vertical, called the camber angle, and such wheels are commonly known as cambered wheels.

Adding camber does more than add to the appeal of the wheelchair; it provides many functional advantages too, like - the wider footprint makes the wheelchair more stable, reducing any risk of overturning. Adding camber has been observed to improve both the ergonomics and acceleration of wheelchairs, making it conducive for extended use in sports without inducing too much fatigue. In this video, we have explained cambered wheels and why athletes use them during sporting events.

#CamberedWheels #adaptivedesign #wheelchairsports

References

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20581712/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22187387/
https://cloud.wikis.utexas.edu/wiki/spaces/RMD/pages/51059500/Camber+Gain+Optimization+for+Double+Wishbone+Suspension+-+Parker+Randall

Original Article Link: https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/why-do-athletic-wheelchairs-have-slanting-wheels.html

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