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Submarines can submerge underwater and surface with the help of several key components, including ballast tanks and hydroplanes. When a submarine wants to submerge, the ballast tanks are filled with surrounding seawater, which increases the submarine’s weight, causing it to sink. Conversely, when the submarine wishes to surface, high-pressure air is pumped into the ballast tanks, forcing the seawater out and emptying the tanks. This reduction in weight allows the submarine to rise toward the surface.

In addition to ballast tanks, hydroplanes, which are wing-like surfaces mounted on the submarine, play a crucial role in controlling the depth and stability of the vessel. Modern submarines are also equipped with advanced sonar systems that help detect and avoid underwater obstacles, and propulsion systems that provide the necessary thrust to move through the water. The ability to submerge and resurface efficiently makes submarines incredibly versatile for a variety of tasks, ranging from military missions to scientific exploration.

In this video, we have explained in simple words how a submarine works.

#submarine #engineering #technology

References:
https://www.usna.edu/NAOE/_files/documents/Courses/EN400/02.10%20Chapter%2010.pdf
https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=4646251&fileOId=4646331
https://www.epa.gov/radtown/nuclear-submarines-and-aircraft-carriers

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Microwaves interact with the liquid molecules in your uncooked food. Essentially, microwaves are a kind of standing wave because they have such a low frequency. In order to distribute the waves evenly throughout the cavity, you must control the movement of the food, hence the rotating plate. The rotation of the plate ensures that microwaves spread evenly and that the food cooks simultaneously and uniformly.

Microwaves are some of the most popular appliances worldwide and they continue getting better and more sophisticated. Who would have imagined that radar systems could be modified to cook food! However, this invention would have been far less popular had someone not realized the need for the turntable.

#microwaves #wirelesstech #turntable

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References:
http://labman.phys.utk.edu/phys222core/modules/m6/The%20EM%20spectrum.html
https://science.nasa.gov/ems/06_microwaves
https://books.google.com/books?id=UZgvwJ3Eex8C
https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201510/physicshistory.cfm
https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/resources-you-radiation-emitting-products/microwave-oven-radiation
https://www.helix.northwestern.edu/2017/04/08/how-it-works-microwave-ovens/
https://spectrum.ieee.org/a-brief-history-of-the-microwave-oven

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/innovation/why-do-we-need-a-turntable-in-microwaves.html

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19 3

Schadenfreude (shaa-duhn-froy-duh), which literally translates from German as ‘harm-joy’, is the strange pleasure that we experience in response to another person’s misfortune.

People all around the world experience schadenfreude. In fact, this uncanny warm glow upon seeing others in distress dates back to the time of Aristotle, who termed it epichairekakia. The French call it the joie maligne, or the ‘cunning joy’, the Dutch speak of leedvermaak, and an old Japanese proverb says that the misfortune of others tastes like honey!

#schadenfreude #gloating #humanemotions

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References:
http://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3054&context=gc_etds
http://psychology.emory.edu/cognition/rochat/lab/Schadenfreude%20deconstructed%20and%20reconstructed_%20A%20tripartite%20motivational.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.932
https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1092&context=com_etd

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https://www.scienceabc.com/social-science/why-do-we-like-to-see-others-suffer-schadenfreude.html

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12 1

Despite its massive size, the Pacific Ocean is shrinking. This is due to the Pacific plate, the Earth’s largest tectonic plate, being pushed beneath other plates in a process known as subduction. The Pacific plate shrinks as it moves deeper into the Earth’s mantle, causing the ocean above it to contract. It’s like removing pieces from a puzzle to make it smaller and more compact.

You can imagine a sandwich press to better understand subduction. The two plates are analogous to two slices of bread, and the subduction zone is analogous to the filling. The two slices of bread come together as the sandwich press heats up, and the filling is pushed out. At a subduction zone, the same thing happens, but instead of filling, magma rises to the surface and forms volcanoes.

#pacificocean #atlanticocean #techtonic

References:
https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/science-earthquakes
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JB080i032p04425
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69666-5_7
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/atlantic.html
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320957474_Emerging_Challenges_Threatening_the_Atlantic_and_Indian_Oceans_in_Africa


Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/why-is-the-atlantic-ocean-widening-while-the-pacific-ocean-is-shrinking.html

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24 2

A blowhole is actually the end product of a long geological process that can take thousands of years, if not longer! At first, the hydraulic action of the waves of the ocean crashing against land causes small fractures in the surface. The constant movement of waves at the bottom of cliffs (or any solid structure at the shore) eats away at the area around the crack and renders it weak enough to create sea caves at the bottom.

Basically, the strength of a rock diminishes at two vital points; its top and its bottom. When both parts are unable to endure the pressure of the trapped air below and the constant attack of the sea, part of the rock crumbles. When the conditions are ripe, i.e., when there is a high tide or a rough storm at sea, jets of water abruptly erupt out of the newly formed hole at enormous pressures. Some of the outbursts of these water jets can shoot up as high as 30 meters (~98 feet).

#blowhole #dangerous #naturaldisaster

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References:
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1979-700101
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/pdf/49be8d8009982e249c57eabff1eba472000c2d7a
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.01.009

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/deconstructing-blowholes-do-they-pose-any-danger.html

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11 4

Torque is a twisting or turning force that causes an object to rotate around a fixed point or axis. It is a fundamental concept in physics and engineering, particularly in understanding rotational motion. Torque measures how much force is applied and how effectively it can cause an object to spin or turn. For example, when you use a wrench to turn a bolt, the force you apply to the handle creates torque that causes the bolt to rotate. Torque depends on two main factors: The magnitude of the force applied: A stronger force generates more torque. The distance from the axis of rotation (lever arm): The farther away the force is applied from the axis, the greater the torque.

In this video, we have explained the definition of torque, how it works and its practical applications in simple words.

#PhysicsConcepts #TorqueExplained #RotationalDynamics

References:
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-3860-8_7
https://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/301/lectures/node104.html
https://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105/Torque.html

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193 13

The answer is – NO, you cannot have an airplane go straight up and let the Earth pass underneath to reach your destination unless you are willing to burn an incredibly large amount of fuel and make the journey downright uneconomical.

People mistakenly assume is that the atmosphere just ‘sits there’ enveloping the entire Earth. However, it doesn’t work that way. The atmosphere is not a single entity; rather, it is a collection of gases and other constituents that move along with the Earth. It would have escaped millions of years ago, in fact, or not even existed in the first place, if not for the strong gravitational pull of our planet, that keeps it adhered and prevents the gas from escaping into space. The main takeaway from this is that, due to the rotation of Earth, the atmosphere gets ‘dragged’ along the surface of the planet, as opposed to being stationary.

#aerospace #aeronautics #engineering

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References:
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/the-universe/the-milky-way/134-physics/general-physics/mechanics/829-why-can-t-a-plane-fly-slowly-and-let-the-earth-pass-underneath-beginner
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation
https://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/ask/a10840.html

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/why-dont-airplanes-hover-in-the-sky-and-let-the-earth-pass-beneath-them.html

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14 1

The astronauts on the ISS experience several sunrises and sunsets in the span of a single Earth day. Hence, the ISS sticks to a standard time zone and controls its lighting accordingly, to simulate a normal day-night routine up there in space.

The International Space Station is set to the Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). UTC is the global standard of time, which is determined using two factors:
- International Atomic Time: Calculated using highly precise atomic clocks.
- Universal Time: Calculated based on the earth’s rotation.
All the time zones in the world are synchronized based on the UTC Standard.

#iss #internationalspacestation #lifeinspace

References:
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/facts-and-figures
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/station-science-101
http://web.archive.org/web/20230225091344/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/explorer/Investigation.html?
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.04.019
https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000329

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/universe/how-do-astronauts-aboard-the-iss-know-when-its-day-or-night.html

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13 0

Starfish are also known as sea stars. Interestingly, ‘sea star’ is also a more correct way to refer to this animal, because a starfish is nothing like an actual fish! It doesn’t have a streamlined shape or any fins for swimming. Scientifically, a starfish is actually an Echinoderm.

The water vascular system is primarily responsible for locomotion in all Echinoderms, including the starfish. It is a system of canals inside the body of the animal that contain seawater. The water vascular system also contains the madreporite, which is a sieve-like plate located on the lower surface of the sea star. It has very minute pores that filter the water and transfer it to the stone canal, which lies beside it.

#starfish #seastar #marinebiology

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References:
http://web.archive.org/web/20200810160053/https://www.uas.alaska.edu/arts_sciences/naturalsciences/biology/tamone/catalog/echinodermata/Cucumaria_vegae/water_vascular_system.html
https://www.ck12.org/biology/echinoderm-structure-and-function/lesson/echinoderm-structure-and-function-advanced-bio-adv/
https://books.google.com/books?id=3GvIzgEACAAJ

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/animals/how-does-a-starfish-move.html


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8 4

An ocean without salt would decimate marine life and affect our global temperature and weather dramatically, making human life on Earth incredibly complicated.

There are roughly 230,000 known marine species in the ocean and an estimated 2 million more that have yet to be discovered, but if the sea were to become desalinated, we’d likely never get the chance to find those new forms of life.

Along with marine animals, marine plant life would also be affected. Underwater algae account for almost half the photosynthesis occurring on this planet! With significantly less photosynthesis and extremely volatile climatic conditions, our world would no longer support the diverse plant life it has now. The food chain itself would collapse. Most species, including humans, would not survive for long.

#desalination #watercrisis #freshwater

References:
https://www.utdallas.edu/~pujana/oceans/why.html
https://royalsociety.org.nz/assets/Uploads/Primary-CREST-and-Ocean-Investigations-Salt-Water-vs-Fresh-Water.pdf
https://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/wc/oceans/4/wcoc4_1a.html
https://www.ecomena.org/tag/negative-effects-of-desalination/

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/world-oceans-become-freshwater.html

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12 1

Angular momentum is a physical quantity that describes the rotational motion of an object. It is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction, and is conserved in a system where no external torque acts on it. In classical mechanics, angular momentum is important in understanding rotational motion, particularly in systems like planets orbiting stars or particles moving in circles. There are numerous practical applications of angular momentum; for example, the angular momentum of a planet or moon in orbit around a star or planet is conserved, helping explain elliptical orbits (Kepler's laws). In quantum systems, angular momentum plays a crucial role in defining quantum states, especially in atoms and molecules. The quantization of angular momentum is fundamental to the structure of atomic orbitals.

In this video, we have explained angular momentum in simple words for beginners, using various everyday examples and analogies.

#AngularMomentumExplained #PhysicsInMotion #ScienceMadeSimple

References:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/amom.html
https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/demonstrations/angular-momentum
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/angular-momentum

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172 12

The term ‘drifting’ suggests what the technique entails; the driver intentionally ‘oversteers’, causing the rear tires (or all the tires, in some cases) to lose traction, but allows the driver to maintain control over the car from its entry to its exit of a corner.

In more technical terms, when the rear slip angle (the angle between a wheel’s actual direction of travel and the direction towards which it is pointing) of the car is greater than the front slip angle, the car is said to be drifting.

#drifting #automobileengineering #mechanics

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24 2