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Fishes survive underwater pressure as they do not breathe through their lungs. Therefore, they do not have air pockets that can be compressed due to the high pressures.

However, fish aren’t the only creatures found at such incredible depths. Some whales, seals, and other cetaceans are able to dive to depths of nearly 10,000 feet. The lungs of these creatures are completely compressible, meaning that they can force all of the gases in their lungs into their bloodstream and muscles, where they can essentially dissolve under pressure. These organs have adapted to hold more myoglobin (oxygen-storing protein in muscles) and hemoglobin.

This collapse of the lungs also prevents gas exchange at the alveoli, thus preventing nitrogen from entering the bloodstream, which would result in the infamous “bends” that human deep-sea divers can experience if they rise from great depths too quickly.

#deepsea #marinelife #pressure

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One of the most popular reasons for the worldwide appeal of the Mona Lisa is her smile. Da Vinci used optical illusion to create a unique smile through perspective and shadow work. He painted the Mona Lisa in such a way that the eyes of the Mona Lisa fall directly into the viewer’s focus, while the lips fall just below the periphery of vision.

Whenever the viewer looks into the eyes of the Mona Lisa, the mouth falls into the peripheral vision, so that the facial features of the mouth are somewhat less pronounced; together with a small shade of the cheekbones, this makes the mouth look like a smile. But as soon as the viewer’s gaze is fixed on the smile, it slowly fades away. Here lies the magic of Leonardo’s skill, which made this legendary painting unique compared to other paintings of its time.

#monalisa #monalisasmile #leonardodavinci


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Before the invention of nail clippers, human fingernails were likely worn down through regular daily use, similar to how canine nails are worn down when walked daily on pavement or sidewalk.

If you go back in time, say 100,000 years, early humans behaved like hunters and gatherers. They engaged in strenuous physical activities for survival. Their daily activities included digging tubers from the ground, sharpening rudimentary spears, constructing makeshift shelters, and lighting fires. This manual labor would have naturally worn down and chipped away the fingernails.

#nails #evolution #history

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3 0

Plenty of people argue that you can only fold a piece of paper in half a maximum of 7 times. Is 7-times a hard limit for folding a piece of paper?

Well, a piece of paper can be folded more than 7 times. But there's a catch. You cannot do it with a piece of paper which simply tear off from a notebook.

Britney Gallivan, from California, was one woman with the determination to prove this 7-fold paper limit is incorrect. In January of 2000, she took a rather long piece of paper (a single piece of toilet paper) and folded it 12 times. The trick here is that the length of paper was more than a kilometer!

#paperchallenge #paper #canyoudothis

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22 3

Ageing is a complex process which results from progressive loss of the body’s ability to maintain itself. This ageing comes with diseases and a general decline in health. Over the past few decades, scientists have come to better understand how we age and are now imagining a future where you could live up to 100 and be fit as a fiddle.

Although, reaching the unbelievable age of 180 might not be possible… yet. A healthy 100 is far from uncommon, and perhaps we will push that to 130 years of healthy living, but we'll only find out when we, and our research, age a bit further.

#aging #reverseaging #lifespan

Academic references:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6242466/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5394987/
https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume6/the-role-of-nad-in-anti-aging-therapies.001080.php
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2017/7941563/
https://biosignaling.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12964-021-00706-1

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155 25

The reactivity of an element is a function of how easily an element loses or gains electrons. To determine an element's reactivity, we can learn a lot from the periodic table, and its particular trends.

The first element in the halogen group is fluorine. It’s a pale yellow, diatomic, highly corrosive, flammable gas with a pungent odor. Its atomic number is 9, and has a jam-packed 7 electrons in its valence shell. Moreover, it resides in the second row, which implies that all its 9 electrons are somehow crammed into only 2 shells.

A 7-electron valence shell requires it to gain only a single electron to complete its final shell and achieve stability, which isn’t a big feat when you consider its small size and vigorous nuclear pull. Fluorine is identified as the most electronegative element in the periodic table, making it the strongest oxidizing agent.

#reactivity #periodictable #cesium

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6 0

It’s highly unlikely to shoot down a missile mid-air. But there's more to it than that!

Causing a nuclear bomb to detonate requires a precise orchestration of events, without which the chain reaction does not initiate and the bomb doesn’t detonate. In fact, the very idea behind such anti-ballistic missile systems is that you smash an incoming ICBM with an interceptor missile so that the latter is destroyed before it actually reaches its target. Causing an intentional nuclear explosion is a complicated process. As such, any interceptor missile that hits a nuclear missile is highly unlikely to cause a nuclear explosion.

However, that doesn’t mean that exploding a nuclear missile over a populated area is safe. As mentioned earlier, it’s very difficult to actually intercept an ICBM. Also, if an interceptor missile actually destroys a nuclear missile, it could lead to the plutonium or uranium core falling to the ground, which would consequently be a radiation hazard that could potentially endanger lives.

In a nutshell, a successful shoot-down of a nuclear missile would make a city-flattening bomb into a mere radiation hazard, thus reducing its deadliness by a huge margin.

#nuclearmissile #nuclearfission #nuclearfusion

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32 2

If you travel at the speed of light, your mass will increase exponentially. The speed of light is 300,000 kilometers per second (186,000 miles per second). When you move at this speed, your mass will become infinite. Therefore, infinite energy will be required to keep you moving, which is impractical. That’s the reason why no person or object can move at speed or faster than the speed of light.

However, if we’re talking about going almost as fast as the speed of light, say 90% of the speed of light, then there would be interesting observations. For one, the person traveling at such a speed would experience a slowing of time. For that person, time would move slower than for someone who is not moving. For example, if a person is traveling at 90% of the speed of light, that person would experience only 10 minutes of time passing, while a stationary person would have experienced 20 minutes. Time will be cut in half! Also, the field of vision would change drastically. The world would appear through a tunnel-shaped window in front of the aircraft in which the person is traveling.

#lightspeed #fasterthanlight #timedilation

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36 5

When we experience anxiety, our sympathetic nervous system is activated and initiates the fight-or-flight response. This response is a host of physiological changes that prepare us to either fight or flee. One of the effects of the fight-or-flight response is that blood is redirected away from the stomach to the muscles. This can cause the stomach to feel like it is “dropping.”

These responses in humans have probably evolved to cope with the threats that prehistoric humans faced. Hunting dangerous animals and surviving in the untamed wilderness a few hundred thousand years ago was not an easy task; constant vigilance was needed. It was also vital to run fast and fight hard. Our fight-or-flight response likely developed over thousands of generations of natural selection, wherein those who had better fight-or-flight behaviors had better fitness and were, therefore, more likely to pass on their genes.

#stomach #stomachdrop #stomachache

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5 2

Huckleberry is a term used in the US to describe numerous variations of plants, all of whom bear small berries that assume different colors, such as red, blue, or black.

The plants collectively belong to the family Ericaceae, a family of flowering plants commonly referred to as the heath family. These plants inhabit acidic and infertile vegetative areas, which explains why these species can grow in Antarctica, Central Greenland, and parts of the High Arctic.

The differences between hurtleberries and blueberries are less botanical and primarily geographical. Common names may refer to different flowering species or the same plant in different parts of the US. The common names make sorting processes difficult. As mentioned, both are called whortleberries, defined as the members of the plant family Ericaceae.

#huckleberry #blueberry #botany

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7 0

The pH scale is used to determine whether a substance is acidic or basic, and to calculate how strong a chemical it is. A pH value is a number that ranges from 1 to 14 for most common chemicals, with seven being the middle or neutral point. Values below 7 are indicators of acidity, which increases as the number decreases, while values above 7 indicate alkalinity, which increases as the value increases. An important distinction to understand is that the pH scale is a logarithmic scale calculated by the formula:
pH=−log10[H (solvated)]
On this scale, a substance with a pH of 3 is ten times more acidic than a substance with a pH of 4, and 100 times more acidic than a substance with a pH of 5. Similarly, a substance with a pH of 9 is ten times more alkaline than a substance with a pH of 8, and 1000 times more alkaline than a substance with a pH of 6.
Theoretically speaking, the pH scale should actually range from negative infinity to positive infinity. This claim is according to its definition, which states that the pH of a substance is the value defined by the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. However, in reality, most solutions you would find in a standard laboratory have a pH value between 0-14.

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#phscale #phvalue #chemistry

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10 3

There’s a common movie trope of an actor wiping their fingerprints off a gun. It seems like a simple wipe with a cloth eliminates any trace of a criminal’s guilt, but that isn’t actually the case!
Scientists have developed a method that can visualize prints from even the faintest fingerprint deposits left after the metal of a gun is wiped off. This technique uses a colored-electro active film that uses fingerprint residues as a stencil for blocking the electric current. Once a voltage is passed through, the oily regions deflect the colored substances surrounding bare regions, which gives rise to a negative ridge pattern.

#fingerprint #forensics #criminalcase

References:
https://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Forensic-Chemistry-Kelly-Elkins-ebook/dp/B07H5RW5S2/ref=sr_1_1
https://www.compoundchem.com/2016/07/26/fingerprints/
https://www.amazon.com/Forensics-Anatomy-Crime-Wellcome/dp/178125169X
https://www.amazon.com/Crime-Scene-Court-Essentials-Forensic/dp/1847558828
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/FD/c3fd00053b
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00738.x


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