Why Is Soap Lather Always White?

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The foam in soap lather is always white because when light enters the soap solution, it must pass through a number of tiny soap bubbles, i.e., a number of surfaces. These countless surfaces scatter the light in different directions, which makes the foam/lather look white.

Regardless of whether the original soap/shampoo is orange, green, pink, yellow or any other color, you have surely observed that the foam or lather that forms when it’s mixed with water and rubbed vigorously is always white in color. Isn’t that a bit strange?

Happy laughing baby taking a bath playing with foam bubbles.
Photo Credit : FamVeld / Shutterstock


Why Do Soaps Of Different Colors Form The Same White-colored Foam?

Short answer: The ultra-thin layer of soap (that’s formed when it’s dissolved with water) is pretty much transparent on its own, but the foam looks white, because visible light gets scattered in multiple directions after passing through several surfaces.

To understand this better, let’s do a quick recap of an important optical phenomenon.

Also Read: Science Behind The Shape Of Bubbles And Why They Pop

What Is The Scattering Of Light?

The dictionary meaning of the word ‘scatter’ is ‘to throw in various random directions’ or ‘move off quickly in different directions’. This is also pretty much what ‘scattering of light’ means in the world of optics.

We say that light has ‘scattered’ when light rays in a straight line are deflected in random directions after striking something (that ‘something’ could be as small as an air molecule). The scattering of light occurs due to irregularities in the propagation medium, particles, or in the interface between two media.

The Sky Appears White/grey Because Of The Scattering Of Light

The sky we see above appears white/grey due to the scattering of light (a specific type of scattering called Mie scattering). You see, almost all sunlight that enters clouds gets scattered, thanks to the presence of large enough cloud droplets (~20 micrometers) that scatter all visible wavelengths rather equally, giving clouds their white/greyish appearance.

Note that scattering is different from reflection – reflection involves the deflection of the incident light ray in only one direction, whereas in scattering, you can never tell (with certainty) which direction the deflected light ray is going to move.

Also Read: What Is The Tyndall Effect?

Why Is Foam White?

First off, you should know that the dyes used to impart color to soaps and shampoos are highly diluted. In other words, they only use a tiny bit of dye to color a soap. When we rub soap in water to make lather, an incredibly minuscule amount of dye goes into the formation of lather. Thus, there’s little (or almost no) color in the foam to begin with.

Scattering Of Light

White light, as you might recall from your high school science classes, is a combination of visible light of different wavelengths (and therefore, different colors).

The foam that you see after rubbing soap in your hands is a large collection of tiny soap bubbles. Each individual bubble is actually an extremely thin film of the soap solution. Since soap is a surfactant (meaning that it affects the surface tension of the liquid), it lowers the surface tension of water, which then causes the film to stretch. This results in an increase in the total surface area of the film (thanks to the countless bubbles), which causes the already deficient color in the film to spread out and become next to impossible to visually detect.

The foam in its entirety looks white because when light enters the soap solution, it must pass through a number of tiny soap bubbles, i.e., a number of surfaces. These countless surfaces scatter the light in different directions, which makes the foam/lather look white.

After reading all this, it should be clear that trying to find a color in soap foam is an exercise in futility.

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References (click to expand)
  1. Scattering - Wikipedia. Wikipedia
  2. Scattering of Light: by small particles and molecules in the .... The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
  3. More than you ever wanted to know about light scattering. The University of Arizona
  4. Bubble Colors - Exploratorium. The Exploratorium
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About the Author

Ashish is a Science graduate (Bachelor of Science) from Punjabi University (India). He spearheads the content and editorial wing of ScienceABC and manages its official Youtube channel. He’s a Harry Potter fan and tries, in vain, to use spells and charms (Accio! [insert object name]) in real life to get things done. He totally gets why JRR Tolkien would create, from scratch, a language spoken by elves, and tries to bring the same passion in everything he does. A big admirer of Richard Feynman and Nikola Tesla, he obsesses over how thoroughly science dictates every aspect of life… in this universe, at least.

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