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Wine contains a complex mixture of volatile and aromatic compounds that determine our sensory experience when we drink it. The shape of the bowl of the wine glass can influence how these volatile compound evaporate, which also affects how we experience the wine.
Wine glasses come in various shapes and can be broadly grouped into red and white wine glasses. Now, have you ever wondered why red wine glasses are larger and wider, whereas white wine glasses are smaller and narrower?
Well, wine connoisseurs will tell you that the same wine served in two different glasses will taste and smell notably different. It seems that wine glasses are not just any glasses… there is more happening here than meets the eye… or the tongue… or the nose.
The Wine Glass
Wine glasses usually have three parts:
- A base or foot that keeps the glass standing upright.
- A long narrow stem that keeps the base separated from the wine.
- A bowl on top into which wine is poured.
Most wine glasses are top heavy, so the foot is important to keep the glass stable. A wider base means that the glass is less likely to fall over.
The stem is where we hold the glass, and it ensures that our body heat doesn’t change the temperature of the wine in the bowl. It also keeps our bodily scents away from the aroma of the wine.
The shape and size of the bowl influence the aroma and taste that we perceive.
Wine glasses are usually very thin (and break easily!). A thin rim helps the drinker enjoy the volatiles better.
Stemless wine glasses are also available. In this case, the shape of the bowl distinguishes a stemless red wine glass from a stemless white wine glass. Stemless red wine glasses are larger, with an open bowl shape. Stemless white wine glasses are narrower and smaller.
Also Read: Why Does Cold Water Taste Better Than Warm Water?
The Wine Experience
Wines contain a complex mixture of volatile and aromatic compounds, which determine our sensory experience. When wine, especially red wine, comes in contact with air, the volatile compounds mix with the air and ‘open up’. This means that the intensity of the aroma compounds softens, so when we sniff the wine, we experience a pleasant mix of different aromas.
In general, red wine, especially those with a high tannin content, should be aerated in the glass for 15-20 minutes before you drink them.
The aroma volatiles gather in the center of the glass, near the rim, allowing us to inhale them while drinking the wine. The ethanol vapors gather away from the rim so that we can experience the aromas minus the ethanol. Both the temperature and the shape of the glass influences this sensory experience.
For example, researchers found that at 13°C, there is a lower alcohol content in the center of the glass than at the rim. Similarly, when wine is served at a higher temperature or in a non-wine glass, the ring-shaped vapor is not present.
Why is this important?
Well, when the ring-shaped vapor forms, wine lovers experience the wine aroma minus the ethanol vapors.
Also Read: Does Wine Really Taste Better With Age?
Shape Of The Bowl
Different types of glasses and different temperatures may lead to completely different perceptions and experiences of the same wine. In general, red wine is served in a glass with a larger and rounder bowl than white wine.
Red wine is more ‘full bodied’, which means that it is thicker and more viscous than white wine. Red wine also has more complex volatile compounds.
The larger and rounded bowl ensures that the wine has more surface area in contact with the air, allowing the red wine flavors to open up. With a more visible surface area, we can see the viscosity of the wine when we swirl the glass. Swirling also brings more wine in contact with the air, helping to open up the aroma even further. A larger bowl means more space to swirl the wine and more space above the wine for the volatiles to accumulate.
When you swirl wine, the ethanol vapors gather in the center of the glass and the aroma volatiles gather in the upper part of the bowl for us to sniff. That is why wine is poured only up to one-third of the glass or up to the widest part of the glass, leaving an ideal amount of space for the volatile compounds to gather.
All Red Wine Glasses Are Not The Same
There are different types of glasses for different types of red wine.
A Bordeaux glass is large with a tulip-shaped bowl. There is ample space between the wine and the nose of the drinker. As a result, the ethanol vapors escape out and the drinker can experience the aromatic compounds of the wine with minimal interference from alcohol vapors. Since the opening is large, the wine flows into the entire palate, leading to a better tasting experience. Bordeaux glasses are meant for “full-bodied, boldly aromatic wines made from grapes like Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Zinfandel”.
Medium-bodied red wine glasses are smaller. They retain some ethanol vapors and soften the flavors of the wine. They are suited for lighter red wines, such as Chianti.
A Burgundy glass has a wider bowl that narrows at the top, thus allowing the delicate aromatic vapors to concentrate on the top. This type of glass is suited for “more delicate wines like Pinot Noir because they bring out their aromas.”
Red wine is served at 12-18°C and is better suited for stemless glasses, as the drinker’s body heat is likely to slightly warm up the wine in the glass.
White Wine Needs Less Aeration
White wines have a more subtle aroma and need less aeration. Therefore, white wine glasses are U-shaped and upright, with smaller bowls and narrower openings. Since the glass is narrower, more of the wine comes closer to the nose of the drinker, who is then able to enjoy the subtle volatiles.
White wine glasses come in two types. Glasses for full-bodied wines are larger and have wider openings (but are narrower than red wine glasses). They are suited for wines like Chardonnays. Glasses for highly acidic wines are smaller, which allows the wine to move up to the middle of the palate.This enhances the acidic qualities. This type of glass is suited for low-alcohol wines like Sauvignon Blanc.
White Wine Glasses Have A Longer Stem Than Red Wine Glasses
White wine is served at below room temperature (10-13°C). Having a long stem ensures that there is more distance between the hand holding the glass and the wine, so the wine does not warm up with the drinker’s body heat.
Conclusion
The shape of a wine glass, including depth and shape of the bowl, how thin/thick the glass is, how wide the opening is, and the length of the stem, all affect our wine drinking experience. To truly appreciate the complex aromatic profile of our chosen wines, we need to serve them in the right glass and at the right temperature.
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References (click to expand)
- Wine Snobs Are Right: Glass Shape Does Affect Flavor.
- Arakawa, T., Iitani, K., Wang, X., Kajiro, T., Toma, K., Yano, K., & Mitsubayashi, K. (2015). A sniffer-camera for imaging of ethanol vaporization from wine: the effect of wine glass shape. The Analyst. Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC).
- It's Just a Wineglass.
- The Difference Between Red and White Wine Glasses.