Table of Contents (click to expand)
Knitting is a rudimentary technology/skill that has been around for more than a thousand years. It enables the engineering of 3D objects with desirable stretchiness. The fundamental framework of understanding knitted structures paved the way for thread-based smart fabrics.
Knitting is an ancient craft of manufacturing used across the world, though the exact origins are unknown. Some of the oldest knitted specimens date to the 11th century AD in Egypt, and were made from cotton fibers, not wool. The process of knitting basically involves the continuous interlinkage of loops of yarn with the help of needles.
Most recently, knitting has found its way into the research world so that physicists can untangle the science behind the art form. What may seem like a fairly simple technique of using needles to create a knitted fabric is actually an application of the Knot theory (an aspect of highly complex mathematics).
Knitting Science
Knitters spend a lot of time planning out their desired patterns. It’s an impressive task to create a three-dimensional, well-structured object from a one-dimensional string of yarn that fits a particular shape with all the desired properties. Believe it or not, there is a lot of profound empirical knowledge and complex engineering involved in knitting. According to a branch of mathematics that studies Knot theory, a knot is defined as a tangled circle, enclosed with crossings that are impossible to untangle. Therefore, a knitted stitch is an interlocking network of slipknots, repeating themselves back to back. A simple loop of a circle is known as an unknot. The knitted fabrics that make up scarves and socks show completely different properties than their individual strands of yarn. The fabrics are very elastic and stretchable—to roughly twice their length— whereas a length of yarn is not at all stretchy.
Also Read: Why Does A Fold In Paper Become Permanent?
Why Would A Physicist Be Interested In Knitting?
Physicists are trying to decode this knitting configuration, where different combinations of knits and purls vary the degree of elasticity. Knitted fabric is considered to be a type of metamaterial (artificially engineered material that acquires its properties from designed structures, not from the base material), whose elasticity is an emergent property.
The arrangement of the strands of yarn at an intermediate scale determines the macro-scale characteristics of the resulting fabric. The periodicity of the looping stitches is fundamentally attained by repeating the same unit structure many times. In terms of practicality, this mathematical theory involved in knitting could help engineers develop artificial tissues, e-textiles and even aerodynamic lineations. All of these can be modified to absorb and eventually store the kinetic energy produced by the weaver’s movements. A lot of math and material science is involved in the making of textiles, although it is usually taken for granted.
Elasticity Response
Many physicists have begun to delve through the complex mathematics to encode the mechanics involved in the knit patterns. Geometrical models focus on the geometry of the stitches and the dimensional properties of the resulting fabric. They manipulate the parameter of each stitch before the crossing of yarns. On the contrary, mechanical models bear in mind both the elasticity of yarn and the topology of the resulting fabric structure. One of the simplest home-based knitting machine models takes instructions from a set of punch cards. A ‘coding language’ is therefore established, similar to a language used for early computers. The stitch patterns provide certain programmable codes for the geometry and elasticity that are more complex than the binary (0’s and 1’s) number system. The simplicity of the model allows the researchers to design knitted structures with variable shapes and properties.
It all comes down to two major factors: the extent of the bendiness of yarn and the length of the yarn. The primary source of the stretchiness of the fabric arises from yarn elasticity and periodic looping stitches. The elastic energy of the yarn depends on the amount of deformation in the knit. As the yarn bends, it stretches and loses a large amount of energy. As the dimension of the stitch gets smaller, the bending energy increases, providing a relationship between the energy and the interlinking parameters. The stitches do not shrink, as the diameter of the yarn is fixed. However, a constraint is imposed when the yarn becomes inextensible.
Also Read: Why Do Clothes Shrink When You Wash Them?
Conclusion
The physics behind this unexpected field is fascinating, and more research is needed to realize the full potential of knitting. By applying a simple set of differential equations and algorithms of knot theory, one can study knitted fabric behavior in-depth, which in turn could be put into physics engines for movies or computer game graphics. The elasticity of knits could also be helpful in finding direct applications in architecture (additive manufacturing—one layer at a time) and soft robotics. All we need to do is crack the code… from there, the possibilities seem endless!
How well do you understand the article above!
References (click to expand)
- Poincloux, S., Adda-Bedia, M., & Lechenault, F. (2018, June 22). Geometry and Elasticity of a Knitted Fabric. Physical Review X. American Physical Society (APS).
- JM Kaldor. Simulating Knitted Cloth at the Yarn Level - CS@Cornell. Cornell University
- Hu, J., Meng, H., Li, G., & Ibekwe, S. I. (2012, April 18). A review of stimuli-responsive polymers for smart textile applications. Smart Materials and Structures. IOP Publishing.
- Simonis, K., Gloy, Y.-S., & Gries, T. (2017, October). 3D knitting using large circular knitting machines. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Publishing.
- The physics of knitting - Cosmos Magazine. Cosmos